{"id":4155,"date":"2022-06-17T06:18:58","date_gmt":"2022-06-17T05:18:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/legalvision.co.uk\/?p=4155"},"modified":"2023-11-12T22:12:05","modified_gmt":"2023-11-12T22:12:05","slug":"minority-shareholder-oppression","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/legalvision.co.uk\/corporations\/minority-shareholder-oppression\/","title":{"rendered":"What is Minority Shareholder Oppression in England and Wales?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>As a company with <a href=\"https:\/\/legalvision.co.uk\/corporations\/shareholders-rights\/\">shareholders<\/a> in England and Wales, it is useful to know about minority shareholder oppression. This is an important aspect of making sure that your shareholders feel valued, and it can also help you avoid legal action from minority shareholders. This is an issue that is most common in <a href=\"https:\/\/legalvision.co.uk\/startups\/startup-public-private\/\">private companies<\/a> (in other words, companies that have not yet become publicly listed), as minority shareholders are more vulnerable and can find it more difficult to trade their shares. This article will explain some key points about minority shareholder oppression, and it will touch on some of the different shareholder oppression remedies that a court may order against a corporation.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What is Minority Shareholder Oppression?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Minority shareholders are shareholders that have less than 50% of a company&#8217;s voting shares. Minority shareholder oppression occurs when the majority shareholders vote against the minority\u2019s best interests. They can find themselves vulnerable due to this because:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>they cannot compel the company to act in a certain way; and<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>controlling shareholders can make decisions without the minority\u2019s consent.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>This problem is more pronounced in private companies. Private companies are companies that do not trade on a public stock exchange. This means that the minority shareholders can find it more difficult to offload their shares if the majority is acting against their best interest.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What Does Shareholder Oppression Look Like?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Shareholder oppression can manifest itself in a number of ways.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. Economic Harm<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The majority may make decisions that cause economic harm to shareholders with minority shares. This could happen when the company looks to dilute shares. For example, the majority shareholders may <a href=\"https:\/\/legalvision.co.uk\/corporations\/business-issue-shares\/\">issue new shares<\/a>, and fix a subscription at a very high amount. This is so that minority shareholders cannot buy them. Therefore, the majority dilutes the minority\u2019s shares in a company. Similarly, the majority may use their power to channel company income to the majority shareholders through pay rises and covering expenses. At the same time, they could also fail to pay dividends to minority shareholders.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. Indirect Harm Through Mismanagement<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Majority shareholders have the power to pass decisions without the consent of the minority. Occasionally, they can make mismanaged decisions and indirectly cause financial loss to minority shareholders.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Mismanagement can include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>a breach of fiduciary duties;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>souring a business relationship;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>being in breach of a condition in the company&#8217;s <a href=\"https:\/\/legalvision.co.uk\/corporations\/articles-of-association\/\">articles of association<\/a>; or <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>going against a shareholder agreement. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>By mismanaging the company in this way, however, the majority shareholders could be liable for breach of duty to shareholders per the <em>Companies Act 2006<\/em>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. Unfair Exclusion<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Minority oppression could also involve unjustified exclusion from aspects of the company, such as company records and documents. Controlling shareholders could even pass a shareholders agreement with the effect of excluding minority members from participating in certain aspects of the business.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n<a href=\"#content-next\"\n   class=\"block p-4 mt-10 text-xl font-bold text-center text-white no-underline bg-gray-800 rounded-t-xl\">\n    Continue reading this article below the form\n    <i class=\"text-xl fa-regular fa-arrow-down\"><\/i>\n<\/a>\n<div class=\"px-6 pt-10 pb-12 mb-10 text-center bg-gray-100 rounded-b-xl sm:px-12 test\">\n    <div class=\"mb-8 text-2xl font-bold text-orange\">\n        Need legal advice?\n        <br>\n        <span class=\"text-lg not-prose\">\n                            Call <a href=\"tel:+448081968584\" class=\"not-prose\">0808 196 8584<\/a> for urgent assistance.\n                <br>\n                Otherwise, complete this form, and we will contact you within one business day.\n                    <\/span>\n    <\/div>\n\n    \n\n<div class=\"not-prose flex 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Breach of Contract<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>First, they could bring a claim for breach of contract. This is most useful if the company is in direct breach of a shareholders agreement or of one of the articles of association. Usually, these contracts will outline how an individual can bring a claim against the corporation, such as an <a href=\"https:\/\/legalvision.co.uk\/commercial-contracts\/arbitration-clause\/\">arbitration clause<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. Unfair Prejudice Petition<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Second, they could bring an unfair prejudice petition. This is a claim under the <em>Companies Act 2006<\/em>. If successful, this gives the court flexibility in providing a remedy. The remedy could require the majority to buy the minority shares. It could also involve requiring the majority to sell their own shares to the minority.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>An unfair prejudice claim requires the minority to show that the company is being run in a way that is unfairly prejudicial to at least some of the shareholders. This must be done in a way that is contrary to the minority&#8217;s &#8216;legitimate expectations.\u2019&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. Derivative Claim<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Third, they could bring a derivative claim. A derivative claim is where a minority shareholder gets permission to bring a claim on behalf of the company itself.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Therefore, the majority shareholders (who are usually either company directors or third parties) need to have done something which harms the interest of the company on the whole. This claim can be brought even if the specific minority shareholder has not suffered because the claim is on behalf of the company.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. Winding Up Petition<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Finally, a minority shareholder can also use the <em>Insolvency Act 1986<\/em> to bring a winding up claim. &#8216;Winding up&#8217; is when the company is made to liquidate its assets. This is granted only if it is &#8216;just and equitable&#8217; to do so. It is usually only used if a company has been set up for a specific purpose that has already been completed.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Key Takeaways<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>As a company with shareholders, it is important that you are aware of potential legal liability to minority shareholders as a result of shareholder oppression. Minority shareholders can bring a number of actions against your company, including for breach of contract, under the <em>Companies Act 2006<\/em>, or under the <em>Insolvency Act 1986<\/em>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Shareholder oppression can take many forms, such as economic harm, mismanagement, or exclusion. If you are concerned about a potential oppression remedy, our <a href=\"https:\/\/legalvision.co.uk\/corporate-lawyers-lp\/\">experienced corporate lawyers<\/a> can assist as part of our LegalVision membership. For a low monthly fee, you will have unlimited access to lawyers to answer your questions and draft and review your documents. Call us today at <a href=\"tel:+448081968584\" class=\"AVANSERnumber dynamic-number\">0808 196 8584<\/a> or visit our <a href=\"https:\/\/legalvision.co.uk\/membership\">membership page<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Frequently Asked Questions<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"schema-faq wp-block-yoast-faq-block\"><div class=\"schema-faq-section\" id=\"faq-question-1655442691450\"><strong class=\"schema-faq-question\"><strong>What is minority shareholder oppression?<\/strong><\/strong> <p class=\"schema-faq-answer\">Minority shareholder oppression is where the minority shareholders&#8217; interests are strongly disregarded by controlling shareholders.<\/p> <\/div> <div class=\"schema-faq-section\" id=\"faq-question-1655442692911\"><strong class=\"schema-faq-question\"><strong>What is the <em>Companies Act 2006<\/em>?<\/strong><\/strong> <p class=\"schema-faq-answer\">The <em>Companies Act 2006<\/em> is a piece of legislation that outlines most of modern UK statutory company law.<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n<div class=\"not-prose m-feedback-prompt\">\n    <!-- Thumbs up\/down bar -->\n    <div class=\"m-feedback-prompt__main\">\n        <div class=\"m-feedback-prompt__title\">Was this article helpful?<\/div>\n        <div>\n            <!--span class=\"m-feedback-prompt__button--text\">Thanks!<\/span-->\n            <button type=\"button\" class=\"m-feedback-prompt__button m-feedback-prompt__button--yes\"\n                    data-analytics-link=\"feedback-prompt:yes\" aria-label=\"Agree\">\n                <i class=\"fa-regular fa-thumbs-up fa-3x\"><\/i>\n            <\/button>\n            <button type=\"button\" class=\"m-feedback-prompt__button m-feedback-prompt__button--no\"\n                    data-analytics-link=\"feedback-prompt:no\" aria-label=\"Disagree\">\n                <i class=\"fa-regular fa-thumbs-down fa-3x\"><\/i>\n            <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <!-- Feedback form -->\n    <div class=\"m-feedback-prompt__form\">\n        <div class=\"m-feedback-prompt__form--thanks \">\n            <div>Thanks!<\/div>\n            <p>\n                We appreciate your feedback \u2013 your submission has been successfully received.            <\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <form id=\"contact-form\" class=\"m-feedback-prompt__form--form\" action=\"\" method=\"post\">\n            <input type=\"hidden\" id=\"authenticity_token\" name=\"authenticity_token\" value=\"9eb4f72322\" \/><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"_wp_http_referer\" value=\"\/api\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4155\" \/>            <input value=\"https:\/\/legalvision.co.uk\/corporations\/minority-shareholder-oppression\/\" type=\"hidden\" name=\"currenturl\"\n                   id=\"currenturl\">\n            <input value=\"What is Minority Shareholder Oppression in England and Wales?\" type=\"hidden\" name=\"currenttitle\"\n                   id=\"currenttitle\">\n            <label>\n                <!-- display on thumbs-up -->\n                <span class=\"m-feedback-prompt__feedback m-feedback-prompt__feedback--yes\">\n                    Can you tell us <span class=\"font-semibold\">why<\/span> you found it helpful?\n                <\/span>\n\n                <!-- display on thumbs-down -->\n                <span class=\"m-feedback-prompt__feedback m-feedback-prompt__feedback--no text-lg\">\n                    How can we better improve this article?\n                <\/span>\n                <textarea name=\"feedbackmessage\" id=\"feedbackmessage\" required><\/textarea>\n            <\/label>\n\n            <div class=\"m-feedback-prompt__form--error\" id=\"form-submit-error\"><\/div>\n            <button id=\"submit-contact-form-button\" type=\"submit\" name=\"commit\" class=\"m-feedback-prompt__form--submit\"\n                    data-analytics-link=\"feedback-prompt:submit\">\n                Submit            <\/button>\n        <\/form>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>As a company with shareholders in England and Wales, it is useful to know about minority shareholder oppression. This is an important aspect of making sure that your shareholders feel valued, and it can also help you avoid legal action from minority shareholders. This is an issue that is most common in private companies (in<a href=\"https:\/\/legalvision.co.uk\/corporations\/minority-shareholder-oppression\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"sr-only\">&#8220;What is Minority Shareholder Oppression in England and Wales?&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13325,"featured_media":3129,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_hide_content":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"1069,1004,2115,2521,1619,2403","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":"","editor_notices":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[28],"tags":[275,508,566,807,808],"class_list":["post-4155","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-corporations","tag-private-company","tag-corporate","tag-shareholders","tag-minority-shareholders","tag-minority-shareholder-oppression"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- 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